The diversity of rotavirus strains and the high prevalence of mixed infections among human and animals india are unique features of rotavirus epidemiology broor et al. The centers for disease control and prevention is accredited by the accreditation council for continuing medical education accme to. These figures may differ from those published previously, due to ongoing updating of notification data on cidr. Pdf epidemiology of rotavirus infection in northwestern. The evolving epidemiology of rotavirus a infection in brazil. Molecular epidemiology of human rotavirus infection in. Epidemiological trends in the pediatric population of. Epidemiology of rotaviruses in a cohort of 45 guatamalan. Molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses isolated from hospitalised children in melbourne, australia submitted in total fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy by kiran shah m. Molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses isolated from. Data with regard to the incidence of rotavirus a disease in the central. Nearly every child in the world is infected with a rotavirus at least once by the age of five. Rotavirus vaccines who position paper summary rotaviruses rvs are globally the leading cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhoea in young children.
Pdf epidemiology and burden of rotavirus disease in the. Fecal samples from 349 birds 158 symptomatic, 107 asymptomatic and 84 birds without recorded health. According to who estimates in 20 about 215 000 children aged rotavirus infections. The epidemiology of rotavirus in connecticut, january 1, 2011december 31, 2016.
Rotavirus infection was detected yearround at all 4 sites but was most prevalent from september through january. We examined epidemiology, genotypic profiles, and vaccine effectiveness ve among cases. These data may be important for assessing the need for introducing rotavirus surveillance and vaccines into immunization programs in india particularly tamilnadu. Rotavirus epidemiology reservoir human gi tract and stool transmission fecaloral, fomites temporal pattern fall and winter temperate areas. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus in nigeria has shown the presence of various genotypes, with genotype g12p 8 being the most recent introduction.
Molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses associated with. To further explore the epidemiology and genotypic diversity of rotavirus in pakistan, here we report the findings of rotavirus subtypes detected in children hospitalized, due to severe dehydrating diarrhea, at childrens hospital lahore. The epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in countries in the eastern. Most children have been infected by these highly contagious viruses by the age of 5 years. Rotaviruses rvs were found to cause human disease in 1973. Molecular epidemiology of g9 rotaviruses tive rotavirus vaccine. Molecular epidemiology of g9 rotaviruses in taiwan between. The majority of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis rvge episodes occurs in lowincome countries and. Rotavirus vaccines have been associated with a slightly elevated risk of a rare, serious condition called intussusception, which can result in potentially fatal bowel obstruction. Annual incidence of death due to rotavirus gastroenteritis among children. Vaccination registry, rotavirus hospitalization, and laboratoryreported case data in new york city, january 2002 through december 2016. Avian rotaviruses rvs cause gastrointestinal diseases of birds worldwide.
Rotaviruses were found to be major pathogens worldwide, whereas the norwalk virus could not be detected using a radioimmunoassay. The peak detection of rotavirus occurred during the months of the cool dry season, with 41% and 61% rotavirus positive samples in january and february. Epidemiologic surveillance of diarrheal diseases due to. Global distribution of rotavirus serotypesgenotypes pediatr infect dis j 2006. Preventable diseases pink book webinar series rotavirus and hepatitis a. Thus, we aimed to describe the epidemiology of intussusceptionassociated hospitalizations among nepali children in preparation for rotavirus vaccine introduction. Sep 05, 2018 rotavirus vaccine introduction has decreased severe rotavirus gastroenteritis burden in many countries and rotavirus associated mortality in several settings. Incidence of hospitalisation and outpatient clinical visits caused by rotavirus and non rotavirus acute gastroenteritis. Research article open access epidemiology of rotavirus. In this study raw and treated drinking water supplies at plants in two geographic areas, as well as selected irrigation water and corresponding raw vegetables in three regions of southern africa, were screened for the presence of rvs using molecular techniques. Study material consisting of rotavirus positive stools determined with electron microscopy em was available for research. Rotavirus a, which accounts for more than 90% of rotavirus gastroenteritis in humans, is endemic worldwide.
Immunity develops with each infection, so subsequent infections are less severe. Ve was estimated in children via a casecontrol analysis. Rotavirus epidemiology ods in bangui, central african and. The outermost shell contains two important proteins. The molecular epidemiology of g9 rotaviruses in taiwan from 2000 to 2002 was investigated in this study. Pdf reliable epidemiologic data are essential for formulating effective policy to control rotavirus disease through immunization. Rotavirus serotype g9 is recognized as the most widespread of the emerging genotypes, representing 4.
Rotavirus vaccine has been funded for infants under the australian national immunisation program since 2007, with rotarix vaccine used in new south wales, australia, from that time. Molecular epidemiology of avian rotaviruses group a and d. Using 16 representative cultivable human rotavirus strains, we confirmed the specificity of vp4 genotyping by polymerase chain reaction pcr using the nested oligonucleotides specific to each of the four representative gene 4 alleles. Transmission is by fecaloral spread, both through close persontoperson contact and by fomites such as toys and other environmental surfaces contaminated by stool. I have been carrying out research on rotaviruses since 1997, and i have worked on different aspects of rotavirus disease including molecular epidemiology, viral assembly, and the innate immune responses to rotavirus. Review the age at which children are receiving each dose of dtppentavalent vaccine. Introduction and prolonged circulation of g12 rotaviruses in. However, with each infection, immunity develops, and subsequent infections are less severe. They are the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children of epidemiology and prevention of vaccine. G9 rotavirus has been detected in taipei, taiwan, since march 2000. Steelec a faculty of science, department of microbiology, ahmadu bello university, zaria, nigeria b faculty of veterinary medicine, department of public health and preventive medicine, ahmadu bello university, zaria, nigeria c mrcmedunsa. Rotavirus may be detected in the stool of immunodeficient persons for more than 30 days after infection.
Survey on the distribution of the gene 4 alleles of human. Who recommends that rotavirus vaccines be included in all national immunization programmes. Group a rotaviruses rvs are the most important cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Rotaviruses are shed in high concentration in the stool of. By getting better knowledge about the viruses we may help in tracing transmission and in producing new vaccines.
Brief report epidemiology of rotavirus infection in northwestern nigeria by m. A seasonal pattern with a peak occurring in winterspringtime typical. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus strains circulating among children with gastroenteritis in. Diarrheal disease remains one of the most important global public health problems and is a leading cause of potential conflicts of interest. This is the highest rate recorded since rotavirus became notifiable with an increase from a.
This decision was made based on the high incidence of rotavirus, the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children worldwide. An annual report by hpsc october 2007 these vaccines rotateq as part of their national childhood vaccination schedule7, while the majority of european countries, including ireland, are still considering this decision. The evolving epidemiology of rotavirus a infection in. Laboratoryconfirmed cases of rotavirus notified in new south wales between january 1, 2010 and december 31, 2017 were analyzed. Rotavirus epidemiology and monovalent rotavirus vaccine. Methods fecal samples from 349 birds 158 symptomatic, 107 asymptomatic and 84 birds without recorded health status were screened by reverse transcription pcr to detect rv groups a and d rva and. Mar 25, 20 prompted by the discovery of new gastrointestinal viruses, the nih, niaid and who investigated the etiology of acute diarrhea that occurred from 19761979 in a global cohort of infants and young children. The incidence of rotavirus infection in developing countries is similar to that of. Rotavirus infections were uncommon in the first months of life in intensively breastfed infants. Molecular epidemiology ofrotavirus in infants in southafrica. Pdf epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in egyptian children and. The molecular epidemiology of human rotaviruses infecting finnish children was analysed with several molecular and genetic methods. Rotavirus is a doublestranded rna virus of the family reoviridae.
Rotaviruses are also probably transmitted by other modes such as fecally contaminated food and water and. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of rotavirus strains in children with acute gastroenteritis in lahore, pakistan muhammad masroor alam1, adnan khurshid2, shahzad shaukat2, rana muhammad suleman2, salmaan sharif2, mehar angez2, salman akbar malik3, tahir masood ahmed4, uzma bashir aamir2, muhammad naeem1, syed sohail zahoor zaidi2 1department of biotechnology, quaidiazam. Pdf molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses in nigeria. The reservoir of rotavirus is the gastrointestinal tract and stool of infected humans. My phd thesis focused on the epidemiology of group b rotaviruses, which are unique among rotaviruses and cause pandemics of adult diarrhea and this led me to. The prevalence of specific rotavirus strains varies by. The aim of this study is to reevaluate the role and.
Assessing genotypic variation is important to understand the complexities of rotavirus epidemiology. Infection with group a rotavirus is among the leading causes of gastroenteritis in children, especially in subsaharan africa 1. Comparative study of the epidemiology of rotavirus in. The epidemiology of rotavirus in connecticut, 20112016.
The virus is composed of three concentric shells that enclose 11 gene segments. Approaches to immunization of infants and young children against gastroenteritis due to rotaviruses. A briefing paper on rotavirus who world health organization. Laboratorybased rva surveillance included 866 municipalities in 22 brazilian states, over a 21year period. Rotavirus was detected throughout the study period but there was a distinct seasonality of rotavirus diarrhoea. Each year rotavirus causes millions of cases of diarrhoea in developing countries, almost 2 million resulting in hospitalisation and an estimated 453,000 resulting in the death of a child younger than five. Jun 12, 2017 background avian rotaviruses rvs cause gastrointestinal diseases of birds worldwide. Preventing rotavirus through vaccination is the best way to protect children. This paper served to study the molecular epidemiology of rotavirus and coronavirus in fecal. First report from the asian rotavirus surveillance network. Between 1983and 1986, 14different rnaelectrophoretic. Rotavirus and coronavirus are the two most common viral causes of neonatal calf diarrhea and their presence causes a lot of economic damage to the farmers as well as suffering to the animal. Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children. Research article open access the molecular epidemiology of.
The presence of six gene 4 alleles or vp4 genotypes in human rotaviruses has been recognized. Pinkbook rotavirus epidemiology of vaccine preventable. In 5countries where rotavirus strains hadbeen gtyped, 74%of. Rotavirus is an infection that causes gastroenteritis primarily in infants and young children. Rotavirus was the causative organism identified in 2326 92% of these, giving a crude incidence rate cir of 54. In 2017, new south wales experienced a large outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis. It is caused by rotavirus, a genus of doublestranded rna virus in the family reoviridae. They are the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children of rotaviruses kaemwich jantama. In this study, the molecular epidemiology of g9 rotaviruses between january 2000 and december 2002 was analyzed. Illness ranges from limited watery diarrhea to severe diarrhea with vomiting and fever.
Epidemiology ofrotavirus gastroenteritis hyperimmune sera distinguishes 25 serotypes. The molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections in black infants in garankuwa, south africa, was investigated bypolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Epidemiology and strain characterization of rotavirus. Rotavirus rv infection is the leading cause of severe gastro enteritis among infants. Rotaviruses are nonenveloped viruses of the family reoviridae and a major cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea. Pdf diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of bovine. In two sicilian cities, palermo and messina, surveillance of rotavirus circulation performed since 1985 and 2009, respectively, did not detect g12 strains until 2012. To explore the origin of these g9 viruses, the viruses were characterized by antigenic and genetic analyses. Analyze the epidemiology of rotavirus disease in your country or in similar settings11 2. Epidemiology and evolution of rotaviruses and noroviruses.
Genotype g12 strains are now considered to be the sixth most prevalent human rotaviruses worldwide. Between 1983and 1986, 14different rnaelectrophoretic patterns were observed for children with acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus infection was most common among children rotavirus infection. The implementation of routine immunization against rotavirus in the united states has led to substantial changes in the epidemiology of rvge, including the emergence of oddyear epidemics and the fig. By the age of five, nearly every child in the world has been infected with rotavirus at least once. Oct 24, 2019 rotavirus vaccine effectiveness was observed in new south wales, australia, but was not adequate to prevent an outbreak due to emerging strains. Rotavirus gastroenteritis is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children. However, prevalence, diversity, epidemiology and phylogeny of rvs remain largely underinvestigated in africa. Epidemiology and prevention of rotavirus infection. Rotavirus is a genus of doublestranded rna viruses in the family reoviridae. Epidemiology of rotaviruses 453 quel mayan indian population constituted a closely knit, traditional society living in poverty and in crowded, unsanitary conditions. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of rotavirus strains in.
Epidemiology of rotavirus in ireland, 2006 page 12. Immunology and vaccinepreventable diseases pink book. G9 rotavirus first appeared in 2000 with 4 cases and constituted 33. Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in young children throughout the world. Goals and organizational structure the goals of arsn are to use the generic protocol as a basis to. Vp7 and vp4 induce neutralizing antibodies that are believed to be involved in immune protection.
Rotavirus epidemiology ods in bangui, central african. Pdf epidemiology and burden of rotavirus disease in the uk. Molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses isolated from hospitalised children in melbourne, australia submitted in total fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of. The largevariety ofgenomicpatternsexhibitedbyhuman rotaviruses has permitted. Rotavirus causes the highest level of diarrhea among developed and. History and epidemiology of the disease rotavirus infection in the uk is seasonal see figure 1, occurring mostly in winter and early spring january to march. G9 became one of the most prevalent g types locally. Rotavirus epidemiology in bangui, central african and vp7 and vp4 were amplified by republic, 20081 to the editor. The objectives of this study were to describe, for the first time, epidemiology of rotavirus disease among chil. Infection increased with age to reach a maximal rate in the six to 18month age period. Sep 01, 1986 grimwood k, abbott gd, fergusson dm, jennings lc, allan jm. Chemical engineering epidemiology primary transmission mode is fecaloral ingestion of contaminated food or water and contact with contaminated surfaces annual epidemics occurring from november to april high rates of illness among infants and children below 2 years old, but mild among adults chemical engineering. Fecal samples from 349 birds 158 symptomatic, 107 asymptomatic and. Rotavirus epidemiology and monovalent rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in australia.
Molecular epidemiology of human rotaviruses in melbourne, australia, from 1973 to 1979, as determined by electrophoresis of genome ribonucleic acid. Rotavirus vaccine should be considered a priority particularly in countries withhigh rotavirus gastroenteritis rvge associated fatality rates, such as in south and southeastern asia, and subsaharan africa. Epidemiology copyright 2020 surveillance data confirm. Spread within families, institutions, hospitals, and child care settings is common. Molecular epidemiology of group a rotaviruses in water.
581 717 723 65 1547 564 785 32 1607 887 1104 798 1282 865 771 236 956 779 1207 170 270 1152 1131 1698 222 382 239 141 374 682 1695 1284 359 60 1408 1615